JACKSON: CHOOSING A METHODOLOGY: PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERPINNING 50 Every piece of research, every researcher and every context is, in some way, different and a host of factors contributes to interpretation of phenomena as knowledge is constructed but, as Pring (2000:89) suggests, without the explicit formulation of the philosophical In my own experience, a spirit of inter-team trust and openness, yields constructive challenge, divergent thinking and co-creation. (1985) point out, when multiple individuals commence a share inquiry, from a subjective, rather than an inter-subjective starting-point; the resulting discussion tends to degenerate into a contest of wills, “The validity of inquiring in action is threatened by a variety of defensive routines, including self-censorship and face-saving. And whilst I’m comforted that not everybody that I spoke to came to the event, it is impossible to know, of those that did show up, which were genuinely interested in the issue at hand? How philosophical underpinnings support the method of inquiry to understand the lived world at conscious level? Phenomenology has evolved into a relatively mature qualitative research methodology during the last decades of the twentieth century largely due to a seismic shift from mainly deductive quantitative research to inductive research. These tools make it possible for us to communicate with people who may be working on multiple projects and tasks, across a number of different offices and buildings – even the humble post-it note is a form of technology that helps us to manage our communication with people who are not physically proximate. This idea runs contrary to conventional wisdom about working effectively. Phenomenology then is aimed at comprehending the structure of various types of human experience, ranging from thought, memory, imagination, emotion, and desire (Woodruff Smith, 2008). Although, I was conscientious in explaining this during the introduction of the actual event. The philosophical underpinnings of physical literacy (monism, existentialism, phenomenology) are interwoven dimensions, moving through the lifeworld to create and re-create unique individual perceptions (assemblage). Its initiator, Edmund Husserl, sought to establish phenome-nology as the fundamental philosophy for all scientific investigation (Husserl, 1965). ?) According to phenomenologists (Woodruff Smith, 2008), the central structure of an experience is its intentionality; that is to say, “the characteristic of consciousness whereby it is conscious of something – i.e., its directedness toward an object” (Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009). On a philosophical level, there is irreconcilable conflict between the quantitative and qualitative paradigms. – that the nature of the interactions would change over time and through experience; as would the strength and value of the connections. Wenger, E (1998, p?). * The topic of trust and openness coincided, albeit inadvertently, with a major organisational project. %PDF-1.4 %���� The philosophy of phenomenology is the study of a phe ‐ nomenon, for example something as it is experienced (or lived) by a human being that means how things appear in our experiences. According to phenomenologists (Woodruff Smith, 2008), the central structure of an experience is its... Collaborative Enquiry. However, the more that we focus on the end result, and the more detail that we add to our sense of a desired outcome; the fewer options that remain available to us. These are: (1) The individual describes a type of experience, just as he/she finds it in his/her own (past) experience. This, I think, has important ramifications for the authenticity of the learning that results. In his book The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology (Husserl 1970: 211-215), in which Unauthenticated Download Date | 11/15/16 3:21 AM 160 MarekGralewski The Philosophical Underpinnings of Social Constructionist Discourse Analysis he aims his criticism at psychologism, Husserl claims that psychology failed to understand the essence of things or the … webinar. But I was struck by the following injunction, “… Open Space can only fail for two reasons: if people show up with no passion and/ or if somebody tries to control the process in order to achieve some sort of pre-determined outcome(s).” Herman (1998). In order to generate shared knowledge, understanding or meaning; we need inter-subjectivity – the sharing of subjective states by multiple individuals (Scheff, et al., 2006). However, there are seven widely accepted features of the phenomenological Approach. One main theme among phenomenological methods is the diversity between descriptive versus interpretive phenomenology (Norlyk & Harder, 2010). Isn’t it true that jobs done by people who don’t care are not worth a whole lot? Owen (1997) states that only the people who ‘care’ about the issues that you’re hoping to explore should attend an Open Space event, “If we only did what we cared to do, not much would get done. These communities too require a focus on shared interests, joint activities, and a shared repertoire of resources (i.e. For those who are not familiar with its philosophical underpinnings or methodological application, it can seem challenging to apply to HPE scholarship. This also presents an opportunity however for a future research – ‘an inquiry into the effect of remote communication technologies on remote workers’, conducted through the medium of remote communication technologies – e.g. I would argue against any notion that Groupthink is akin to ‘trust’ within teams. This however, does not alter the fact that, given the right (or wrong) set of circumstances, where our fight or flight mechanism has been engaged, we may all be prone to this process of thinking and judging. As Argyris, et al. My hypothesis from the beginning of this inquiry has been that; for all of the benefits and convenience that we derive from remote communication technologies, we pay a price in terms of a reduction in trust and openness within our teams. “Fostering co-inquiry within your organization means setting up an environment that feeds creative exchange and collaborative learning.” Palus & Horth (2005, p.5), “Hailed for its utter simplicity — and it’s power, Open Space starts with open-minded leadership, an issue that really matters, and an invitation to co-create something new and amazing. Outline the philosophical underpinnings of phenomenology; Identify the key philosophers involved in its development; Describe the different types of phenomenology; Discuss the role of the researcher undertaking a phenomenological study; Describe the strategies for data generation and analysis elements of an interpretive phenomenological study and the philosophical tradition. We all use a variety of technologies to ‘stay in touch’ with one another, e.g. In a deep sense, it is by these communities that knowledge is ‘owned’ in practice”. Transcendental phenomenology brings added dimensions to the study of human experiences through qualitative research. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? Storberg-Walker (2008) has rejected notions that Communities of Practice can be universally applied and, further, claims that, although Communities of Practice theory offers valuable insights into learning, meaning, identity, and practice; the theory itself does not withstand serious scrutiny. Yet, proponents of each paradigm need to applaud both the existence of the other and the hybrid paradigms that inevitably are born of conflict. * I had intended to issue an open invite to the Open Space event so as to ensure that only concerned volunteers were in attendance. In the philosophical sense, phenomenology refers to ‘a particular way of approaching the world: it implies apprehending experience as it is lived’ (Parse 1995, p. 12). Again, this raises questions about the comprehensiveness of the research findings. 1 une 21 Info: 5476 words (22 pages) Essay Or would it? However, I’m interested in the impact that these technologies – or rather, the working practices that have evolved alongside them – have on the amount of trust and openness we have within our teams? * Although the invitation to participate in the Open Space event was open to all staff, very few non-management staff attended. Free resources to assist you with your university studies! * The Open Space event took place at one of the head office buildings. He wouldn’t read it, or, worse still, he’d just use it against me. A Knowledge Framework for the Philosophical Underpinnings of Research: Implications for Music Therapy Bill Matney, Ph.D, MT-BC. Janis (1972) referred to this dynamic as Groupthink, “…a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when the members’ strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action”. Phenomenology is the study of phenomena. In attempting such, both Husserl and, subsequently, his principal assistant, However, upon reflection, I see that – either consciously or unconsciously – I found myself talking to people whom I know to be supportive of me and my work, about this event. Are we overly reliant upon these technologies? Phenomenology is a valuable tool and research strategy. What happens in the meetings is high learning, high play and high productivity, but is never pre-determined. What is also of great importance is that the reader reads, with their own response in mind, in this case meaning I read and note and broaden my awareness of my response to the texts. x Reality can be … However, as Crossley (1996) points out, when the object of the enquiry is shared knowledge and/or understanding, this type of reflective process is insufficient, precisely because of the subjectivity involved, “The meaning of certain actions is identified with the plan of the actor, which may well be unavailable to the other. The aim was to outline and explore the interrelationships between each paradigm’s ontology, epistemology, methodology and methods. When people were describing trust and openness, I believe that, in some instances, this issue took precedent over the issue that I had planned to research. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKEssays.com. (1994, p.242), our basic paradigm can be characterised thus: In order to open minds – and principally our own mind – sufficient to affect a shift or transformation in position or belief requires a particular mindset. %%EOF An experience is directed toward an object by virtue of its content or meaning (which represents the object) together with appropriate enabling conditions. This occurs only when they can be communicated and shared with others.” Tillema (2005). Grasping and using its philosophical tenets such as noema, noesis, noeses, noetic, and epoche in a meaningful way can be challenging, given … h��VYo�6�+|L�Hy� ,�αF�I�붂�17jK�����Rt$;�,Z� (3$G����a�G�D!4*="|��$�ڀ(��(���� E����*F�ʕ�'"�D�;��"�x���Ǐ�7�ɷlVi�ћr9�ft�#�'Fo���݈p�H�|�4e՟�Zh:^-4��^_�uVk���u�®;?߻�����Q��~���e^����zuJ��c^���IoZ~է4~^,fzb¬E��/b }%��� [|���SM�P�m5��y��/5ҫl��V'�|�+r��"�����f �0��a�����(��R�OΉ85����Q��+g��qI�ZϿ)�Qg�/�rIk����qI?�4�����`�a�4p5n^�����([Pw�b.al�hm\?��2X�he�V:I�D,��M�;!m%c�එ���L=���L}�����o&�H!��7��"aD�7���o�� According to the Center for Advanced Phenomenological Research (1997), there are many branches of phenomenology. If I’m honest, I think that I did this out of concern for myself, rather than for the good of the research. If anything, I believe that this revealed a new dimension of ‘remoteness’ to rank alongside time, space and organisation. Trust however, results in inter-personal openness, “In all cases, trust was very closely tied to perceptions of organizational openness” Thomas, et al (2009, p.306). This phenomena is partly related to the way the human brain is hardwired to treat incoming data, “…whenever we look at the world we are only too ready to see the world in terms of our existing patterns… This is what makes perception so powerful and so useful. Whilst I think there is a risk to accepting this statement indiscriminately – People who ‘care greatly’ sometimes accomplish very little too; I was anxious to also demonstrate my own openness and trust (both in the process and the people) by appealing to concerned volunteers. numbers) and conscious life, can be made evident and thus, known. Are we always selective in our methods of communication – or do we follow habit? Just an acronym. And what emerges, over time, is a truly inviting organisation, that will thrive in times of swirling change”, Herman (1998). 5) The belief that inquiry ought to focus upon what might be called encountering as it is directed at objects and, correlatively, upon objects as they are encountered, 6) The recognition of the role of ‘description’ in universal, a priori terms, as superior to ‘explanation’, by means of causes, purposes, or grounds. Published: 1st Jan 2015 in The main intention of the chapter is to untangle some of the conceptual threads and coils that make up the web of phenomenology. For a group to attempt to make sense of experience in this way is akin to the classical children’s fable of the blind men and the elephant. This rejection of the empirical – as the ‘one true source’ of knowledge, is a direct rebuttal of objectivism – the worldview growing from modern natural science and technology that has been spreading from Northern Europe since the Renaissance (Center for Advanced Phenomenological Research,1997); which maintains that the data of ‘sense experience’ are the only object and the supreme criterion of human knowledge (Sauvage, 1911). 172 0 obj <> endobj IPA and Phenomenology IPA seeks to understand the lived experience by integrating the works of four major phenomenological philosophers: Husserl, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, and Sartre to illuminate The invitation was open to all staff, irrespective of hierarchy and was worded as an opportunity to contribute to the creation of practical solutions (see below): You’re invited to take part in an inquiry into Trust and Openness in our teams here at YBS. At that point, only certain employees were privy to the details of the project and they had each signed a confidentiality agreement. The ‘ladder of inference’ is helpful to a point, in that it illustrates the fact that, even our most stubborn beliefs, may be based upon a partial representation of the ‘reality. Larry obviously thinks that I’m incompetent — which is a shame, because these ideas are exactly what his department needs. Consequently, there is a strong emphasis on lived experiences in Yet, staying connected may also have a negative impact to the extent that information is rapidly transmitted about all of the problem areas in a group” Aviolo, B. endstream endobj 173 0 obj <>/Metadata 31 0 R/PageLabels 168 0 R/Pages 170 0 R/StructTreeRoot 45 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 174 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 3/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 504.0 648.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 175 0 obj <>stream Argyris’ (1990) ‘Ladder of Inference’ (see fig ?) This section contains an account of the method that I followed in order to conduct my research. Knowledge about a system is developed through ‘collegial interaction’, not just from reading about documented processes or policies. In this sense, the inquiry is generated from within the community. Nagel (1974) challenges the over-simplification or ‘reduction’ of the lived experience into convenient or recognisable bites, by arguing that ‘consciousness’ itself – that is to say, the subjective view of what it is like to have a certain type of experience, for instance, to feel love, or pain; or to know what it’s like to feel trusted – is beyond the reach of scientific theory, “Every reductionist has his favourite analogy from modern science. These ideas conform with Lave and Wenger’s (date) Communities of practice. For this reason, Open Space Technology ‘begins with a question in mind’. methods focusing on these aspects that included phenomenology to set the stage for discussion and using a phenomenological study as an exemplar to further illustrate the process. H�\��j�@F��{�\���L�����?������+��/���O_H�i�ؙ��jTn��}�'W��C{��;����:�r�1��T,+�����6?�K3�%��)^��4u�ʟ�y���=|�c|,�﹋�Og��ksxt��6��%��-�z��x�B_��[s���Ӟ�������r�E�����}I�v��ulژ�t�E��k��7��EL���b����nrQW^,l1ސ7�yg�Z�l�qE����B���س�G}�\�\�x�x�L~��_���W��:u}|k�+� We are rarely at a loss. For me, Shaw (2002) crystalises the proposition of phenomenology when she (2002, p. 130) asks, “what happens when spontaneity, unpredictability and our capacity to be surprised by ourselves are not explained away but kept at the very heart of an account of the evolution of sense-of-self-in-the-world?” In other words, phenomenology is the art of extracting meaning from the complex mesh of ideas, feelings, interpretations, etc; that make up our lived experience. Email, mobile phone, voice mail, text messaging, instant messaging, Sharepoint – also, social networking sites like Facebook and Linkedin, etc. This chapter illuminates the philosophical underpinnings of phenomenology and identifies two key approaches that have used phenomenological perspectives in particular ways. They suggest multiple readings of the transcripts be done to cover plot, the storyteller, relationships and the broader social context. Rather, as Bohm (1996) suggests, this is a process of collaborative creation, “…in a dialogue, each person does not attempt to make common certain ideas or items of information that are already known to him. It involves cycles of action and reflection, and thus promotes learning. x Objects have meaning independently of any consciousness of them. They then each attempt to describe the elephant to their peers, based only on what they felt. The event will take the form of a number of small discussion groups, the specific agenda for which will be set by participants at the start of the day – each discussion group will be focused upon achieving fresh understanding and practical outcomes, both for the organisation and the individual. The brain can only see what it is prepared to see (existing patterns)” De Bono (1995, p.11). Phenomenology: Moving from philosophical underpinnings to a practical way of doing; presentation at the University of Newcastle, School of Nur… “…reaching knowledge productivity in professional learning is to a large extent dependent on the arrangement of learning environments that stimulate professionals to develop, exchange and communicate their knowledge”. As it turned out, a high percentage of these people did ‘volunteer’ their time to contribute to this event. How do we conduct phenomenological research? We can recognise most situations. Ranse J. Registered Data Controller No: Z1821391. The effectiveness of this sort of event hinges upon there being a group of people who have chosen to be there. The story illustrates that reality, viewed from different angles or perspectives; may show up in very different – even contradictory – forms. Knowledge is a fluid mix of framed experience, values, contextual information, expert insight and grounded intuition (Davenport and Prusak, 1998). * Yes – My objectives are all individual, I don’t have time to be ‘teamy’ and achieve my objectives. The questions it may answer are: What is phenomenology? “For objectivists, the inclination is towards ‘scientific’ methods…these methods ignore the fact that the social world is meaningful to those who live in it, and they (the methods) impose their own, seemingly arbitrary meanings onto it” Crossley (1996, p.74-75). Disclaimer: This is an example of a student written essay.Click here for sample essays written by our professional writers. As I reflect upon the methodology that I employed in order to answer my research question, I have identified a number of issues that, I think, may have affected the quality and trustworthiness of the overall research findings. (2) A ‘bulletin’ on the organisation’s intranet homepage with a link to the invitation on the organisation’s Learning Management System. In addition, Shaw (2002) states that acting without a clear outcome in mind is not the same as acting randomly without intention. philosophical underpinnings that researchers must understand to effectively come up with an excellent qualitative study. Both traditions are commonly used in nursing and midwifery research. In the interests of integrity with respect to Open Space however, I chose not to intervene or attempt to engineer discussion to the topic at hand. Looking for a flexible role? Copyright © 2003 - 2021 - UKEssays is a trading name of All Answers Ltd, a company registered in England and Wales. No plagiarism, guaranteed! Company Registration No: 4964706. 205 0 obj <>stream This is a useful framework with which to consider the commencement of a collaborative inquiry. “Mauthner and Doucet (1998 cited in Elliot 2007) point to the fact that there is not nearly as much written on how to analyse qualitative data as there is on how to collect it. Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. They quickly learn that they are in complete disagreement with one another. Despite the best efforts to keep the project secret however, speculation was rife throughout the organisation – largely due to the number of senior staff who had been rendered unavailable for business-as-usual activity. Sociology. *You can also browse our support articles here >. 4) The belief that, not only objects in the natural and cultural worlds, but also ‘ideal objects’ (e.g. He doesn’t ask any questions until I’m almost done, when he breaks in: “I think we should ask for a full report.” In this culture, that typically means, “Let’s move on.” Everyone starts to shuffle their papers and put their notes away. It is most unlikely that any of these unrelated examples of successful reduction will shed light on the relation of mind to brain. Phenomenology has been practiced in various guises for centuries, but it came into its own in the early 20th century in the works of Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty and others. (1972, p.9). It may therefore be helpful to use this model, or the underlying principle, with an individual or a group, in order to encourage a spirit of humble inquiry. Phenomenology has attracted growing interest i… Phenomenology is an approach began by Edmund Husserl and later developed by Martin Heidegger that seeks to study the lived human experiences and the way things are perceived and appear to the consciousness [1,2,10]. In collaborative learning communities professionals discuss, study, and construct conceptual principles and ideas. h�bbd```b``�����d�d="�ނ�D0�DrT�ٷ��,X=X6,H2N�b��Ȝ�`�P ����.k�P���F�O ��= Four questions that must be answered are: 4. p.158). Furthermore, because these communities function as an informal network of people, drawn together by dint of shared interests and concerns – rather than having been assembled by top-down directive; any inquiry that takes place is focused upon where there is a shared interest, or energy. Phenomenologists do not believe that knowledge can be qualified or reduced to numbers of statistics (Byrne (2001). (2018). Throughout the event there was a palpable sense of there being two camps – albeit the ‘those in the know’ camp was significantly the smaller of the two. Discussion The origins of phenomenology are the writings of Husserl and the advancement of his thoughts by Merleau-Ponty, Heidegger, Gadamer and Ricoeur. “… groups of people who share a concern, a set of problems, or a passion about a topic, and who deepen their knowledge and expertise in this area by interacting on an ongoing basis.” Wenger, McDermott & Snyder (2002, p.4). However, whilst this suggestion perhaps represents a potentially useful knowledge management tactic; there is a delicate line that exists between ‘fostering’ these communities and a conspicuous attempt to ‘manage’ or ‘controls’ them. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. This is a particular irony because branch staff are wholly reliant upon remote communication technologies for developing and maintaining relationships with colleagues in Head Office and throughout the branch network. ��L� Oa� W/����2��S�)�KЗ�Y�,t8������l�[0�Vp��F��U+{T���Tx*{T��tV8+��Jg���Y�tS��ȶ`0>&. Phenomenology consists of a complex philosophical tradition in human science, containing different concepts interpreted in various ways. In various versions of the tale, a group of blind men touch an elephant to learn what it is like. Again, I am no longer seeking to answer a particular question – at least not in isolation; I am seeking to facilitate the first three stages of development of Community of Practice – namely: (i) Potential, (ii) Coalescing, and (iii) Active. Or rather, the act may have different meanings for the actor and their other, respectively.” Crossley (1996, p.78). Owen (1997, p. 20). Now that I think of it, he’s never liked my ideas. They argue that: “…it is important for researchers to become more methodologically explicit, about the ‘nitty-gritty’ of the analytic process” (ibid. Registered office: Venture House, Cross Street, Arnold, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG5 7PJ. They all seem engaged and alert, except for Larry, at the end of the table, who seems bored out of his mind. This point helps to define the ‘open’ in Open Space. According to Senge, et al. In its most basic form, phenomenology attempts to create conditions for the objective study of the content, or product, of conscious experiences. Co-inquiry invites loyal skepticism, challenging questions, and a plurality of perspectives.” Palus and Horth (2005, p.5). As I consider this in relation to the terms of my research methodology, my aim becomes clearer. Probably, this philosophical framework or the theory of subjective reality plays a key role in understanding the actor or the subject regarding a particular event or a phenomena relating to Vol. endstream endobj 176 0 obj <>stream I think that I could have made this more explicit in the invitation. ... We take into account that phenomenology is both a methodology and a sub-theoretical perspective under interpretivism (see Table 1). Collaborative inquiry involves sharing ideas and individual strengths by enhancing interactive questioning, investigation, and learning. This is vital if teams are to rid themselves of out-dated or erroneous assumptions and beliefs, “All too often we are inclined to recapitulate prevalent thinking rather than to search for new directions or redefine our commonly held views and knowledge” Tillema, H. (2006, p.173). This point will be further reviewed in the ‘discussion of research findings’ section (to follow). Of these seven features, I have listed the six that I consider to be most instructive as an introduction to Phenomenology: 1) The rejection of unobservable matters and ‘grand systems’ erected in speculative thinking, 2) The rejection of positivism or objectivism. Experience has shown that any individual with a good head and a good heart can achieve satisfactory results. If you have any further questions about this event, please get in contact with me. Hermeneutics is more than interpretive principles or methods used when immediate comprehension fails and includes the art of understanding and communication. * As I review the invitation that I created for the Open Space event, I can see an obvious bias that I ought to have surfaced and declared from the outset. The first section addresses the concept of explanation, from the We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. 5 o. He turns his dark, morose eyes away from me and puts his hand to his mouth. Keywords: Paradigm, Phenomenology, Philosophical underpinnings, Qualitative research [DIMENS CRIT CARE NURS. Philosophical Underpinnings Philosophical Underpinnings. Janis, I.L. However, the ladder omits the fact that we may also adopt beliefs based on second-hand information – perhaps owing to a particularly persuasive portrayal by somebody of a particular incident; or because a group has developed a high level of cohesion . Each one reaches out and finds a different part of the elephant’s body, such as the trunk or one of the tusks. The only condition here is that people attend because they want to.
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