green algae do not have spores? Colonization of land by plants was a critical event for the emergence of extant ecosystems. land plants. Charophyta are mainly freshwater organisms. The origin of the sporophyte in land plants (Embryophytes) is a fundamental evolutionary problem. All organisms, except prokaryotes, undergo regular sexual reproduction that involves a regular alternation between meiosis and fertilization. An abundance of Charophyta means productive water. They tend to grow in slow-moving or standing water. Some species, such as Lamprothamnium succinctum and Nitellopsis obtusa can be used to dected the presence of fish in a body of water, as well as indicate the overall quality of the water.

A cell plate then develops in the middle of the phragmoplast, across the midline of the dividing cell (see Figure 12.10). Charophytes are the group of green algae whose ancestral lineage gave rise to land plants in what resulted in a profoundly transformative event in the natural history of the planet. The cell plate, in turn, gives

one key difference b/w green algae and plants is that plants have walled spores produced in sporangia and that the walls of these spores produce sporopollenin. Here we show that the genes required for this interaction appeared in a stepwise manner: … The innovations that allowed the algal ancestor of land plants to succeed in such a transition remain unknown. Charophytes In common with other green algae and land plants, charophytes have grass green chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and b , and store starch inside their chloroplasts. Land plants dominate the terrestrial ecosystem and are often treated as the plant kingdom in toto, although they are a subgroup of green algae phylogenetically. Mesostigma viride was not in Charophyceae as originally circumscribed by Mattox and Stewart (1984), yet the species was shown to have a multilay-ered structure (MLS) in its flagellar apparatus that is very similar to that of charophytes and land plants (Rogers et al., 1981; Melkonian, 1989). In land plants it is expressed by two alternating generations. The report, “The Penium margaritaceum Genome: Hallmarks of the Origins of Land Plants,” was published May 21 in the journal Cell. Since these Penium margaritaceum belongs to a group of freshwater algae called charophytes, and specifically to a subgroup called the Zygnematophyceae, which had a common ancestor with the first land plants some 600 million years ago. Land plants are the most derived descendants of the charophyte green algae because they produce embryos that are nourished by maternal gametophytic tissue. The chlorophytes and the charophytes differ in a few respects that, in addition to molecular analysis, place the land plants as a sister group of the charophytes. Penium margaritaceum belongs to a group of freshwater algae called charophytes, and specifically to a subgroup called the Zygnematophyceae, which had a common ancestor with the first land plants some 600 million years ago.

my thoughts? land plants and certain charophytes, a group of micro-tubules known as the phragmoplast forms between the daughter nuclei of a dividing cell. Beneficial interaction with symbiotic fungi has been proposed as one of these innovations. Rhizoids anchor Charophyta into mud or sand. I want a detailed explanation of how this is different than the green algae: i know they have sporopollenin so that threw me off first of all.

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